Infrastructure - Wikipedia. Infrastructure refers to the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area. The word is a combination of the Latin prefix . The military use of the term achieved currency in the United States after the formation of NATO in the 1.

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A comprehension of infrastructure spans not only these public works facilities, but also the operating procedures, management practices, and development policies that interact together with societal demand and the physical world to facilitate the transport of people and goods, provision of water for drinking and a variety of other uses, safe disposal of society's waste products, provision of energy where it is needed, and transmission of information within and between communities. Storm, flood, or earthquake damage leading to loss of certain transportation routes in a city, for example bridges crossing a river, that would make it impossible for people to evacuate, and for emergency services to operate, would be deemed critical infrastructure. Similarly, an on- line booking system might be critical infrastructure for an airline.

These elements of infrastructure are the focus of recovery efforts in the aftermath of natural disasters. For example, an irrigation canal that serves a region or district would be included with infrastructure, but the private irrigation systems on individual land parcels would be considered land improvements, not infrastructure. Service connections to municipal service and public utility networks would also be considered land improvements, not infrastructure. Public works generally refers to physical assets needed to deliver public services. Public services include both infrastructure and services generally provided by government. Ownership and financing.

Generally, most roads, major ports and airports, water distribution systems and sewage networks are publicly owned, whereas most energy and telecommunications networks are privately owned. In Keynesian economics, the word infrastructure was exclusively used to describe public assets that facilitate production, but not private assets of the same purpose. In post- Keynesian times, the word has grown in popularity and has been applied with increasing generality to suggest the internal framework discernible in any technology system or business organisation.

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The International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage is dedicated to enhancing the worldwide supply of food and fibre for all people by improving water and land. Looking for the most powerful fleet management & fleet maintenance software available? Dossier delivers the right information, presented in actionable reports.

The notion of Infrastructure- based development combining long- term infrastructure investments by government agencies at central and regional levels with public private partnerships has proven popular among Asian, notably Singaporean and Chinese; Mainland European; and Latin American economists. Military. For example barracks, headquarters, airfields, communications facilities, stores of military equipment, port installations, and maintenance stations.

It may also include some of the facilities associated with soft infrastructure, such as parks, public pools, schools, hospitals and libraries. Green infrastructure. Examples include clean water and healthy soils, as well as the more anthropocentric functions such as recreation and providing shade and shelter in and around towns and cities. The concept can be extended to apply to the management of stormwater runoff at the local level through the use of natural systems, or engineered systems that mimic natural systems, to treat polluted runoff.

However the Marxist notion of base is broader than the non- Marxist use of the term infrastructure, and some soft infrastructure, such as laws, governance, regulations and standards, would be considered by Marxists to be part of the superstructure, not the base. Still underlying these more conceptual uses is the idea that infrastructure provides organizing structure and support for the system or organization it serves, whether it is a city, a nation, a corporation, or a collection of people with common interests. Examples include IT infrastructure, research infrastructure, terrorist infrastructure, employment infrastructure and tourism infrastructure. Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive, especially in such areas as landlocked, rural and sparsely populated countries in Africa.

It has been argued that infrastructure investments contributed to more than half of Africa's improved growth performance between 1. The returns to investment in infrastructure are very significant, with on average thirty to forty percent returns for telecommunications (ICT) investments, over forty percent for electricity generation, and eighty percent for roads. In fragile states, over thirty- seven percent of GDP would be required. Some sectors are dominated by government spending, others by overseas development aid (ODA), and yet others by private investors.

In irrigation, governments represent almost all spending. In transport and energy a majority of investment is government spending. In ICT and water supply and sanitation, the private sector represents the majority of capital expenditure. Overall, between them aid, the private sector, and non- OECD financiers exceed government spending.

The private sector spending alone equals state capital expenditure, though the majority is focused on ICT infrastructure investments. External financing increased in the 2. Africa alone external infrastructure investments increased from US$7 billion in 2. US$2. 7 billion in 2. China, in particular, has emerged as an important investor.

Infrastructure . Economics: Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 0. Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0- 1. 3- 0. 63. PEI Infrastructure Investor (July/August): 3. Douglas Harper, Historian.

Archived from the original on 2. Retrieved 2. 01. 5- 0. Common Reporting Standard (CRS) Codes 2 pages, n. Infrastructure Report, 1. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2. The soft infrastructure of a market economy William A.

Niskanen, 1. 99. 1, Cato Journal, Vol. No. 2, 2. 33- 2. 38, Cato Institute^. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2. Retrieved 2. 01. 0- 1. Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 2. The Conservation Fund, Arlington, VA. Maryland's Green Infrastructure Assessment: A Comprehensive Strategy for Land Conservation and Restoration.

Archived 2. 00. 8- 0. Wayback Machine. May 2.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, D. C., et al., Green Infrastructure Statement of Intent. Archived May 1. 2, 2. Wayback Machine.^EPA et al. Archived May 1. 2, 2. Wayback Machine.^Marx, Karl Heinrich (1. January 9, 2. 01.

Christian K. M. Kingombe 2. Mapping the new infrastructure financing landscape.

London: Overseas Development Institute^Peter Mc. Torrent Download American Gangster Ita more. Cawley (2. 01. 0), 'Infrastructure Policy in Developing countries', Asian- Pacific Economic Literature, 2. May. See also Asian- Pacific Economic Literature Policy Brief No 1. May 2. 01. 0, on 'Infrastructure policy in developing countries in Asia'. Nurre, Sarah G. 7. Bibliography. The works: anatomy of a city (Reprint. New York: Penguin Press.

ISBN 9. 78- 0. 14. Beeferman, . 4 (2. World Bank. M. Firzli and Vincent Bazi, . USAK/JTW July 3. 0, 2.

Hayes, Brian (2. 00. Infrastructure: the book of everything for the industrial landscape (1st ed.). New York City: Norton. ISBN 9. 78- 0. 39. Huler, Scott (2. 01. On the grid: a plot of land, an average neighborhood, and the systems that make our world work.

Emmaus, Penn.: Rodale. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 6. Georg Inderst, . 3.